One of the most reported facts by supporters of Lance
Armstrong is that he is the most tested athlete in history, having passed over
600 drug tests without ever testing positive. Yet, despite this, the USDA feels
that they have a strong enough case to convict him of an ‘analytical positive’.
Meanwhile, comments from Carl Lewis during the Olympics
concerning the Jamaican sprinters, in particular Usain Bolt, have also drawn
questions over whether doping is still a strong presence in the Olympics.
However, we rarely see athletes testing positive in drug
tests these days, and certainly not the very top athletes. Is this a sign that
doping is no longer common in sport or is it simply that the dopers are still
ahead of the testers?
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| Armstrong faces losing his Tour de France titles after the USDA convict him of an 'analytical positive' |
An interesting man to listen to on this issue is the former
BALCO mastermind, Victor Conte, who spent four months in prison on a charge of
conspiracy to distribute steroids. Ahead of the Olympics, he claimed that, of
the top twenty athletes in each event, 60% of them will have used banned drugs
in the twelve months leading up to the competition. In particular, he feels
that a process called micro-dosing, through the use of creams, patches and even
injections, is likely to be rampant in sport in the current day.
Yet, there were certainly nowhere near this level of
athletes that failed the doping tests. The biggest name to fail a test was the
gold medallist in the shot put, Nadzeya Ostapchuk. Outside of her, there has
not been a medallist to fail a test. So, how could Conte’s theory be true?
The BALCO scandal, involving Victor Conte and Angel Heredia,
revealed that the drug tests are simply not effective at catching dopers. Many
of his clients competed at the top level, winning multiple world and Olympic
medals, without ever failing a single drug test. However, in the past five
years, it has come out that at least four of the twelve athletes that Heredia
worked with were using banned performance enhancing drugs (PED).
It simply showed that the methods used to detect these
substances, primarily mass spectrometry, were inadequate. The machines could
only see that which they were programmed to see. One simple method that BALCO
used was to slightly adjust an old steroid, retaining its properties, whilst
remaining undetectable to the testers.
Immediately here, we can see that the drug tests lose some
of their credibility. Suddenly, a claim that an athlete has never failed a test
is not necessarily conclusive proof. The best example of this is the former
American gold medal winner, Marion Jones. She passed over 160 tests in her
career, without failing a single test. Yet, she was on a strict and regimented
drug program throughout this period.
Erythropoietin, better known as EPO, is a natural protein
produced in the body, which boosts red blood cells, and hence the
oxygen-carrying capacity of blood. The synthetic form has also been a commonly
used PED, particularly by cyclists, but also by other athletes. The major
problem is that the detection of the synthetic form is a very difficult
process, with many claiming that there is still no reliable way to test for it.
The test involves a process called isoelectric focusing, where molecules of different weights are separated across a gel, allowing the detection of the synthetic version, whose weight is fractionally different. The problem is that the final decision requires a judgement call on the part of the laboratory, which tends to err on the safe side. There have been examples of false positives over the years as well, while some believe that for every user that is discovered, at least ten go undetected.
Angel Heredia was one of the leading characters in the BALCO
scandal. A self-described chemist, scientist and nutritionist, he gave a
fascinating interview in 2008 concerning his role in the scandal, and how
athletes were doping without being detected.
“Together we found out
what was good for which body and what the decomposition times were. I designed
schedules for cocktails and regimens that depended on the money the athletes
offered me,” he explained.
The doping cycle, taking into account personal schedules and
individual drug decomposition times, was calculated in fine detail. “When the season ended in October, we waited
for a couple of weeks for the body to cleanse itself. Then in November, we
loaded growth hormones and EPO, and twice a week, we examined the body to make
sure that no lumps were forming in the blood. Then we gave testosterone shots.
This first program lasted eight to ten weeks, then we took a break.
“Some wanted to run a
good time in April to win contracts for the tournaments. Others focussed on
nothing but the trials, the US qualification for international championships.
Others cared only about the Olympics. Then we set the countdown for the goal in
question, and the next cycle began.”
It is clear to see that the sophistication of the methods
behind the doping is impressive. The actual use of different drugs, chemicals
or even natural human enzymes is similarly impressive. “There are tablets for the kidney that block the metabolites of
steroids, so when the athletes give a urine sample, they don’t excrete the
metabolites and thus test negative. Or there is an enzyme that slowly consumes
proteins – EPO has protein structures, and the enzyme thus ensures that the B
sample of the doping test has a completely different value than the A sample.
Then there are chemicals that you take a couple of hours before the race that
prevent acidification in the muscles. Together with EPO, they are an absolute
miracle. I’ve created 20 different drugs that are still undetectable for the
doping testers.”
Obviously, many of the facts cannot necessarily be verified,
but if we accept his points, it is clear that the testers are fighting a losing
battle against the growing sophistication of the dopers. While testers are
constantly finding new ways to detect drug that are being used by the dopers,
the dopers are discovering new drugs all the time that the testers cannot
detect.
In response to the question of whether the testers will ever
catch up with the dopers, Heredia explained that the only way would be “If all federations and sponsors and
managers and athletes and trainers were all in agreement, if they were to
invest all the money that the sport generates and if every athlete were to be
tested twice a week.”
Another problem is the limits that the World Anti-Doping
Agency (WADA) set. So long as an athlete is within these limits, he is
technically classified as ‘clean’. However, the reality is that any athlete who
wants to compete at the very top of his sport needs to be at the very top of
these limits.
Looking at the issue of testosterone, it is the ratio
between testosterone and epitestosterone that the WADA guidelines concern. A
good college level sprinter would typically have a ratio of 1:1. However, the
maximum ratio allowed under the WADA limits is 4:1. Therefore, by using some of
the undetectable steroids and drugs mentioned earlier, it is almost in the
athlete’s best interest to get his ratio up to the maximum allowed. As the
drugs are undetectable and he is still within the limits set, the athlete would
be classed as ‘clean’.
Really, it would appear that a sophisticated drug user
really should not be caught. Only a careless miscalculation in the timing of an
injection or use of a masking agent would result in a positive test. In the
words of Victor Conte, “if you test
positive at the Olympics, that is more of an IQ test. Athlete’s won’t do that.
You have to put your hook and line in the water when the fish are biting and
that was nine months ago.”
What it all suggests is that we cannot assume that an
athlete is clean simply because he has not failed a drugs test. It cannot be
the defining piece of evidence in proving that an athlete was not doping.
However, we must be careful not to assume that every athlete is doping.
While I have my own views about Lance Armstrong, people
should not rush to make a judgement either way. What the USDA need to do is
release the scientific evidence that they claim to have into the public domain,
so that people can make their own judgements. Until then, innocent until proven
guilty.